Though this is not applicable to all mental health positions, some professions might require close contact with those who are violent, such as prisoners or those incarcerated in mental health hospitals.
Michelene M. Wasil is a licensed marriage and family therapist (LMFT) in San Diego, CA who is currently pursuing her doctorate in psychology. In addition to work for Veterans Affairs, she works in a private practice where most of her caseload is Veterans or active-duty service members.
Community and state hospitals are major providers of mental health care in the public sector. Consequently, there are many jobs available. There is also a huge demand for workers in this area of public service, especially state hospitals, although government funding usually prevents state hospitals from hiring adequate personnel.
Clinical psychologists assess, diagnose and treat mental health disorders. Clinical psychologists need a doctorate degree, state licensure and a requisite number of years of supervised experience before they can practice.
$68,900
Psychiatrists are like psychologists in that they require a large amount of graduate education, work experience and licensure, and work with patients who suffer from mental health problems. However, since psychiatrists are medical doctors, they treat patients more from a physical illness viewpoint and therefore can prescribe medication.
$181,880
Those who are incarcerated have a high chance of suffering from some form of a mental disorder. As a result, mental health professionals are very involved in the criminal justice system, at both an administrative and inmate level.
A forensic psychologist provides psychological expertise to assist the legal system. As with most other psychology jobs, a doctorate degree and licensure is needed.
$92,110
Psychiatric technicians that work within the criminal justice system provide support to other mental health staff by directing and monitoring patients and inmates as they receive care. A post-secondary certificate or associate degree is usually the only educational requirement.
$31,130
Police and public safety psychology is a subset of forensic psychology. Assistance can take the form of providing advice, mental health assessment and evaluation. Tasks range from hiring employees to hostage negotiation.
A police psychologist works with police officers and departments to provide various forms of psychological support. Support can include pre-employment assessment, debriefing law enforcement personnel after a traumatic incident and criminal profiling. A doctorate degree and state license is required.
$92,110
The director of stress management oversees the counseling and training of law enforcement personnel, as well as their families. A master’s degree and license is necessary for this position.
$40,850
(mental health counselors, BLS)Psychologists and other mental health professionals that work in Indian Country or Native American communities are not much different from other mental health professionals, except they focus on the needs and issues of native populations, which often exist in isolated and underserved locations.
As a psychiatric medical officer for the Indian Health Service, primary mental health care will be provided to American Indians and Alaskan Native. A license, a medical degree and at least one year of supervised experience is required for this job.
$98,967 to 240,000
A case manager oversees mental health patient care. The case manager will also manage the available department resources for use with mental health patients. A bachelor’s degree in behavioral or social science will be needed, but may be substituted with four years of applicable experience.
$39,570 to $62,920
Professionals in the Veterans Affairs subsection of the public service sector provide mental health services to military veterans. Many of the mental health problems faced by veterans are the same as mental health issues from other populations, although within the unique context of military service.
This professional will interview veterans as a part of the veterans’ psychological assessment and/or treatment. The job requires at least a master’s degree in mental health counseling or a related field, along with at least one year experience and licensure.
$58,562 to $76,131
A psychiatric staff nurse provides care to patients suffering from complex or severe psychiatric conditions. The nurse will also be able to identify if the patient is a threat to themselves or others. At least an associate degree in nursing, along with licensure is required, although higher levels of education or experience can equate to higher compensation.
$51,506 to $87,000
The American Psychological Association (APA) defines public service psychology as psychology which serves the needs of the public in general. The APA further breaks down public service psychology into the following five areas of government services. Click below to explore each sector.
A 2015 study found that suicide rates among veterans were 50% higher than civilians in similar demographics.
Those who have served their country both at home and abroad leave the military with an honored designation: That of a military veteran. The Department of Veterans Affairs, known in short as the VA, is designed to serve the nation’s veterans through a network of healthcare facilities. Those who work with the VA can expect to engage in a variety of patient care, consumer activities and outreach, training and research.
Veterans can face a multitude of mental health issues, whether they have been deployed or have stayed stateside during their time in the military. These include the following:
Mental health issues after experience combat situations. This is especially true for those who were already struggling with mental health issues to begin with, such as depression, anxiety and the like.
Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, which can manifest in numerous ways.
Trouble adjusting to the civilian world after their military service, which might lead to issues with substance abuse and addiction.
The rate of homelessness is higher among veterans; a 2011 study by the VA found that male veterans were twice as likely to become homeless than those in the general population; female veterans were three times more likely to wind up on the streets.
Psychologists for the VA are expected to help veterans deal with these issues and more; but psychologists are not the only individuals needed in Veteran’s Affairs. Those who have a background in psychology, such as social workers, psychiatric nurses, family counselors, mental health counselors, patient representatives and more will be in demand in a variety of VA hospitals and facilities across the nation. Though some might work in administrative roles, many who choose to work at the VA will be dealing directly with patients and concerned family members.
Military psychology is dedicated to serving anyone who happens to be in the military, whether that person is a veteran or someone who is currently enlisted. Military psychologists might work as civilians or be enlisted officers. In addition to helping those who are dealing with mental health issues, they also do the following:
Given the fact that military psychologists treat those who serve, they might work in VA facilities, as well as the following:
I work on a research study where I am meeting with Veterans who have PTSD, depression, anxiety, or substance abuse. I use a variety of psychological assessments. I spend much of my time talking to Veterans about their PTSD, how it affects their lives and their families’ lives. Sadly, many Veterans are homeless so I do spend some of the time offering resources for housing, counseling, job training, or other benefits.
I was looking at the different options just before I began my MA: social worker, psychologist, MFT, or counselor. At the time, I felt like the MFT field was more systemic and broad-based in the theories and ways of helping clients. MFT’s typically view problems as having more than one cause or facet – which also means there is more than one solution.
My grandfather was a WWII Navy Veteran; my uncle is a Navy Veteran. I have a deep respect and admiration for the armed forces. I am grateful for the sacrifices they make to keep our world safe. It is a fulfilling population to work with – unfortunately, it is also a sick population but I welcome all the challenges that go along with working with Veterans.
It is pretty simple – the most rewarding part is being privileged to work at the VA hospital knowing I can help a vulnerable population.
Public service work can be rewarding – it’s a tough job with a lot of scrutiny but I remind myself often what my purpose and the VA’s purpose is: To Serve All Veterans. There are great benefits – insurance, retirement plans, vacation days. However, most of us are in it for far more than the financial gains: we truly love our Vets!
This membership site is dedicated to those who work in psychology for the VA.
This article from the APA focuses on the key points that are necessary to become a leader in the field and better help patients, as well as other psychologists and mental health professionals.
This details exactly what students can expect from an internship at a VA medical center.
An overview of what the Navy expects from those who serve as clinical psychologists.
A comprehensive view of military psychology from someone who entered the field as an enlisted officer.
Describes a career in the Air Force as a mental health specialist, including education and enlistment requirements.
Learn about working with the Department of Defense in the psychological health sector and discover job opportunities.
This page describes exactly what is necessary for a psychologist to work with the VA, including education, licensing and more.
Once someone is eligible, the work is just beginning. This training page discusses everything from stipends to accreditation.
The number of state psychiatric hospital beds decreased by 14% from 2005 to 2010. During this time, 13 states closed at least 25% of their total state hospital beds.
A state hospital refers to state-run psychiatric hospitals which specialize in the treatment of mental disorders and related problems. The primary purpose of a state hospital is to provide mental health care. The primary purpose of a community hospital is to provide services to those in the surrounding area, which is often rural or underserved. A community hospital is often the only provider of acute care in the area.
State hospitals typically handle more serious mental health issues, such as those patients who are considered a danger to themselves or others, while community hospitals tend to take on cases that are more easily treated. Community hospitals might care for patients who are in the facility for only a few days or weeks at a time, while state hospitals are designed to provide much longer-term care for those who need it, including those who are involuntarily committed by the courts or concerned family members.
Numerous people are needed to handle the influx of patients at state and community hospitals. These individuals must be highly trained in dealing with patients who need extra help, especially those who are suffering from significant mental illness and related issues. To that end, these hospitals employ social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians with a deep knowledge of mental illness and treatments, psychiatric nurses, clinical psychologists, case managers and the like.
Mental health professionals have unique challenges when it comes to providing the best care possible to their patients. One of the largest issues is state budget cuts, which directly affect every part of the hospital system. State hospitals are often understaffed and undersupplied. Adding to the pressure is the ever-present possibility of treating patients who might take a violent turn, such as those who are in the process of medication adjustment or prisoners who might see the hospital as a possible means of escape.
Community hospitals often face the added burden of dealing with an underserved or very rural community; in that case, the hospital itself is often the only source of medical care for those in that area. The result is a constantly busy emergency room, filled with patients who are using the emergency facilities as their primary care. This drives up costs for both the patients and the facility, and can make it tough for patients to get regular follow-up care for their issues.
This article offers clear information on what a community hospital is, what workers might expect, and the challenges facing them.
This is a comprehensive list of the various professions that might be in demand at hospitals in California, which mirrors the demand in other states.
Describes facilities, admission policies and more for psychiatric state hospitals in Indiana.
Several reports are available, including some that discuss state hospitals.
Another good site with information on this particular state, several reports, frequently asked questions and more can be found here.
This resource offers insights into what is expected of those who work in these hospital settings.
Forensic psychologists can become board certified by the American Board of Professional Psychology. This certification is one of two post-doctoral specialty certifications recognized by the APA.
The world of criminal justice offers plenty of room for those in public service professions. From social workers who deal with custody issues to forensic psychologists who are called to testify in court, those embarking on a career in criminal justice can find numerous pathways to choose from. Some positions, such as that of social worker, corrections officer, rehabilitation specialist and the like can typically be had with a bachelor’s or master’s degree. Those who want to work as forensic psychologists will have to earn the doctorate and complete all licensing requirements before beginning work in the field.
Forensic psychologists work in clinical, legal or forensic aspects. Clinical work might include diagnosis, psychological assessment, treatment and prediction of issues among those in the criminal justice system. Forensic work goes into detail with legal questions, such as mental capacity to make decisions or how a mental illness might affect criminal proceedings. Finally, the legal aspects of the job include knowing where to obtain relevant legal information, working with attorneys or judges, testifying in court, creating official reports and the like.
Forensic psychologists typically work with attorneys and other members of the court system, but they might also work with criminals or victims of crime. In many cases, the forensic psychologist is charged with determining the mental state or capacity of those who are in the justice system. In addition to the clinical work they perform with these individuals, they must also take those assessments to the courtroom, where their diagnosis and recommendations can make the difference when it comes to court proceedings and sentencing.
Reports and testimony from a seasoned forensic psychologist can hold a great deal of weight, and that can lead to ethical and moral challenges. For instance, the testimony of a forensic psychologist might determine that a person is fit to stand trial, and if that person is found guilty, the death penalty might be imposed. Issues like these are often wrestled with by those in the psychology field.
Forensic psychologists don’t just work in the courtroom, though that is a very common place to find them. They also work in a clinical capacity in state hospitals, community hospitals, mental health facilities, correctional and rehabilitation facilities and more. They might also work in private practice, where they hone their research into criminal and civil matters that pertain to mental health.
This page offers a succinct explanation of forensic psychology, including what will be expected of those in the field.
This section of the APA offers information for those who are just embarking on the profession, students interested in the work, and researchers who are looking to enhance their career.
This blog by a retired senior FBI profiler sheds new light on what students can expect if they choose to enter the world of profiling and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
This article points out the different ways that psychologists can be of service in the criminal justice field.
This massive open online course through EdX is available to anyone who wants to learn more about psychology and how it ties into various aspects of the justice system.
It was recently determined the psychology firm retained by the city of Baltimore to perform mental health screenings of police officers was only taking 15 minutes to evaluate officers, rather than the required 45 minutes. There are increasing calls for one-to-two-hour evaluations for police officers.
From patrolling the streets to stepping in on domestic violence calls to providing aid to those who are stranded or otherwise in need, police and public safety officers do good deeds daily. But they also face significant emotional upheavals during their work; that’s where a psychologist comes in.
Understanding the actions of criminals, quick thinking on how to diffuse tense situations and knowing how to deal with individuals in a compassionate, thoughtful manner is the most basic of skills those in the field must have. Therefore, a strong background in psychology can enhance the work of the police or public safety officer.
Public safety, police and law enforcement is not limited to those who work in police stations. They might also work in fire departments, emergency medical services, rehabilitation centers, corrections facilities, nuclear regulatory agencies and much more. Those with a background in psychology might find a good fit in the investigative track, searching for those who have committed crimes; in the profiling sector, where they try to determine why individuals would commit crimes and what can be done to stop them; and in the legal system, where they focus on criminal behavior in the courtroom, and how that might affect the outcome of the case or the safety of all those involved.
When it comes to mental health, those with a degree in criminal psychology can be a strong asset to the judicial system and law enforcement. These graduates have a unique background that allows them to observe and assess individuals, create reports pertaining to attitude, probable intent or motive, speak intelligently about the criminal mind, and take appropriate measures to keep the public safe and secure. In addition, they can also work within the system as counselors, social workers or psychologists who provide aid to those who are on the front lines of safety every day.
This site offers information on certification for police and public safety psychology, and well as other pertinent information.
Strong focus on the variety of skills, traits and job requirements for those in law enforcement or public safety.
This blog focuses on the world of police psychology with interesting, entertaining blog posts about everything from personality traits to time management.
This article provides a strong overview of board certifications and why they matter so much to those in criminal psychology.
This membership site offers a wealth of information and guidance for those who are interested in police work, criminal psychology and related fields.
Some Native American communities face unemployment of a whopping 70 percent and almost a quarter of families live in poverty. Add in the fact that healthcare can be tough to find, and mental health care virtually nonexistent, and the result is a perfect storm of unmet needs.
Native American communities face significant issues that desperately need attention. For instance, the rate of suicide among young Indian men is the highest in the nation, far surpassing all other demographics. Serious behavioral health problems, such as substance abuse and addiction, are quite common.
Those who choose to work with Native American Communities can make a huge difference, one family at a time. Social workers, case managers, medical officers, school counselors and psychologists with a strong knowledge of Native American and Indian culture are sorely needed in these communities. Though they might work in health clinics, mental hospitals and the like, it is more likely that they will be working directly with families in these underserved areas. It is especially important for those in the mental health professions to understand the unique Native American way of looking at the world – encompassing the idea of connections, completeness, and balance.
Currently, there are only about 200 American Indian psychologists in the United States, and that number is growing by only about a dozen per year. Part of that might be attributed to the high rate of burnout among those who do work with these communities – the work is emotionally draining with few clear rewards. However, the need is becoming more desperate by the year, so those who have interest or investment in Native American or Indian heritage might find this as a worthy calling.
This article is strongly focused on the challenges facing Native American and Indian cultures and what psychologists can do to help those in need.
This focuses on wide-scale research on certain populations, including research on legal, ethical and social implications.
Those interested in pursuing a career in the field can benefit from this site, which includes current vacancies and other information.
A very useful site offering significant statistics on these communities and cultures.
This in-depth chapter of a surgeon general report focuses on the challenges, benefits and possible assistance available to those in these unique minority populations.
When deciding on a psychology or mental health career in the public service sector, there are several factors to consider. These may point you in a different direction or further guide which public service career or setting you will choose to pursue.
Though this is not applicable to all mental health positions, some professions might require close contact with those who are violent, such as prisoners or those incarcerated in mental health hospitals.
Jobs in public service generally pay less than their private industry counterparts. However, lower pay can sometimes be made up for with better health and/or retirement benefits since most public service employees are also government employees.
Compared to the private sector, public sector workers are more likely to deal with more serious mental health problems, more disadvantaged patients and operate in the least funded work settings. Unlike private industry, many public services must continue even if there are budget cuts. On the flipside, those who work in public service will know they are helping those in need and are working in areas where help is most strongly needed.
As government employees, public service psychologists and mental health professionals are beholden to societal, economic and political pressures. This can mean budget cuts which force new ways of providing care with fewer resources, restructured healthcare due to government changes, or taking on certain types of patients or mental health issues due to outside events, like a terrorist attack or natural disaster.
Certain federal loans may be forgiven for qualified individuals working in the public service sector. Depending on existing or anticipated student debt, knowing that a large portion of debt might be eliminated can remove much of the financial disadvantage faced by those who choose a career in public service.
Public service workers have the potential to work odd hours and weekends, as well as be on call, especially if working as a psychologist or social worker. New public service employees may have to “pay their dues” by working the graveyard shift, travel to distant locations or a work in a less popular placement. Even well-seasoned and experienced practitioners will not be able to avoid having to be on call.
Strong reading comprehension, speaking and active listening skills are imperative for work as a mental health professional in any setting.
A doctorate degree in psychology is usually necessary to become a psychologist. Other mental health jobs, such as social worker or mental health counselor, will often require a master’s degree.
Depending on the area of work, in-depth knowledge about criminal law, therapy, public safety, information technology and law enforcement will be necessary.
If practicing as a psychologist, social worker or mental health counselor, state licensing will be needed.
The more experience a practitioner has, the more effectively they can help others.
Certification is often required; at the very least, certification improves professional marketability.
Public service mental health professionals are often underfunded, understaffed and overworked. They deal with the most severe cases of mental illnesses, as well as government bureaucracy. Patience and the right temperament matter greatly.